Short answer. No — though some cultures do. Islam gave women rights long before many other societies and treats women and men as spiritual equals. Much of the oppression people point to comes from local custom, which Islamic teaching often condemns.
Where the idea comes from
Reports of women being denied education, forced into marriage or made to cover against their will — all real, all from Muslim-majority countries — get attributed to Islam itself. The crucial question is whether these practices come from the religion or contradict it.
Equal before God
The Quran is explicit that women and men stand equal in faith and in reward:
"Indeed, the Muslim men and Muslim women, the believing men and believing women... — for them Allah has prepared forgiveness and a great reward."
— Quran 33:35 (Saheeh International)1
"O mankind, fear your Lord, who created you from one soul and created from it its mate..."
— Quran 4:1 (Saheeh International)2
Rights granted early
In a 7th-century context, Islam established for women rights that much of the world would not recognize for centuries — to own and inherit property, to consent to marriage, and to seek knowledge.876 A woman's right to inherit is set down in the Quran itself:
"For men is a share of what the parents and close relatives leave, and for women is a share of what the parents and close relatives leave, be it little or much — an obligatory share."
— Quran 4:7 (Saheeh International)3
Husbands are commanded to treat their wives well, not to dominate them:
"...And live with them in kindness..."
— Quran 4:19 (Saheeh International)4
The Prophet ﷺ made good treatment of women a measure of a believer's character:
"The most complete of the believers in faith is the one with the best character among them, and the best of you are those who are best to their women."
— Jami` at-Tirmidhi 1162 (graded Hasan Sahih)5
Culture is not the same as religion
Practices such as forced marriage, domestic abuse and barring girls from school are real problems in parts of the Muslim world — but scholars point out they stem from local custom and patriarchy, and in many cases Islamic teaching forbids them (a marriage without the woman's consent, for instance, is invalid in Islamic law).876 Distinguishing the two is essential to answering this question honestly.
For a fuller treatment — including dress, marriage and family — see Women in Islam and Ethics and Character.
In short
Islam does not teach the oppression of women; it raised their status and affirms their equality before God. Where women are mistreated in Muslim societies, the cause is usually culture and power, not the faith — which frequently stands against exactly those abuses.